What is the best way to implement soft deletion?

Working on a project at the moment and we have to implement soft deletion for the majority of users (user roles). We decided to add an `is_deleted='0'` field on each table in the database and set it to `'1'` if particular user roles hit a delete button on a specific record.

For future maintenance now, each `SELECT` query will need to ensure they do not include records `where is_deleted='1'`.

Is there a better solution for implementing soft deletion?

Update: I should also note that we have an Audit database that tracks changes (field, old value, new value, time, user, ip) to all tables/fields within the Application database.

You could perform all of your queries against a view that contains the `WHERE IS_DELETED='0'` clause.

if the table is large and performance is an issue, you can always move 'deleted' records to another table, which has additional info like time of deletion, who deleted the record, etc

that way you don't have to add another column to your primary table

That depends on what information you need and what workflows you want to support.

Do you want to be able to:

- know what information was there (before it was deleted)?
- know when it was deleted?
- know who deleted it?
- know in what capacity they were acting when they deleted it?
- be able to un-delete the record?
- be able to tell when it was un-deleted?
- etc.

If the record was deleted and un-deleted four times, is it sufficient for you to know that it is currently in an un-deleted state, or do you want to be able to tell what happened in the interim (including any edits between successive deletions!)?

I prefer to keep a status column, so I can use it for several different configs, i.e. published, private, deleted, needsAproval...

You will definitely have better performance if you move your deleted data to another table like Jim said, as well as having record of when it was deleted, why, and by whom.

Adding <code>where `deleted`=0</code> to all your queries will slow them down significantly, and hinder the usage of any of indexes you may have on the table. Avoid having "flags" in your tables whenever possible.

Something that I use on projects is a statusInd tinyint not null default 0 column
using statusInd as a bitmask allows me to perform data management (delete, archive, replicate, restore, etc.). Using this in views I can then do the data distribution, publishing, etc for the consuming applications. If performance is a concern regarding views, use small fact tables to support this information, dropping the fact, drops the relation and allows for scalled deletes.

Scales well and is data centric keeping the data footprint pretty small - key for 350gb+ dbs with realtime concerns. Using alternatives, tables, triggers has some overhead that depending on the need may or may not work for you.

SOX related Audits may require more than a field to help in your case, but this may help.
Enjoy

The best response, sadly, depends on what you're trying to accomplish with your soft deletions and the database you are implementing this within.

In SQL Server, the best solution would be to use a deleted\_on/deleted\_at column with a type of SMALLDATETIME or DATETIME (depending on the necessary granularity) and to make that column nullable. In SQL Server, the row header data contains a NULL bitmask for each of the columns in the table so it's marginally faster to perform an IS NULL or IS NOT NULL than it is to check the value stored in a column.

If you have a large volume of data, you will want to look into partitioning your data, either through the database itself or through two separate tables (e.g. Products and ProductHistory) or through an indexed view.

I typically avoid flag fields like is\_deleted, is\_archive, etc because they only carry one piece of meaning. A nullable deleted\_at, archived\_at field provides an additional level of meaning to yourself and to whoever inherits your application. And I avoid bitmask fields like the plague since they require an understanding of how the bitmask was built in order to grasp any meaning.

you don't mention what product, but SQL Server 2008 and postgresql (and others i'm sure) allow you to create filtered indexes, so you could create a covering index where is_deleted=0, mitigating some of the negatives of this particular approach.

Create an other schema and grant it all on your data schema.
Implment VPD on your new schema so that each and every query will have the predicate allowing selection of the non-deleted row only appended to it.

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